The relation between Vitamin D deficiency and type2 Diabetes mellitus

The relation between Vitamin D deficiency and type2 Diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Vitamin D insufficiency has consistently been linked to compromised glucose metabolism and an increased risk of type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). Biological mechanisms likely connect vitamin D to insulin secretion and sensitivity through vitamin D receptors in pancreatic β-cells, as well as by regulating inflammation and calcium management. Observational cohort studies indicate an inverse relationship between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whereas randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses of supplementation present mixed yet progressively encouraging outcomes, particularly when supplementation addresses deficiency and employs appropriate dosing. This study examines epidemiology, mechanisms, significant trials and meta-analyses, addresses limits and heterogeneity in the literature, and proposes research and clinical implications.

Keywords: Vitamin D, type 2 diabetes mellitus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β-cell function, inflammation, glucose metabolism, cohort studies, biological mechanisms.

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